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This page is starting to be fazed out to Turbogerars2. If you are starting to learn turbogears we recommend that you start with turbogears2. see TurboGears2

Contents

Start Here
1. Short Intro To TurboGears
2. Search TG docs
Install TurboGears
QuickStart a new project
Turbogears Overview
First webapp: Address Book
1. Database Model
2. TurboGears Flow
TurboGears in Second(II) Gear
1. TurboGears Forms
2. TurboGears dispaly Widgets
SqlAlchemy (SA)
Session Managment
1. Session ID
Install Turbogears with Apache
Turbogears API Details
Performance
Errors
1. TgFastData for python 2.5
EXTRA
Turbogears Specifics usage
1. Use CAPITAL names in widgets and sqlalchemy autoload
2. redirect all requests to index
Other Documentation
1. IBM
2. ORACLE
Common Errors

Original Document is located here: http://lucasmanual.com/mywiki/TurboGears

Turbogears2 documentation is located here: http://lucasmanual.com/mywiki/TurboGears2

Keywords: Tutorial, TurboGears, SqlObject, SqlAlchemy, web, python, features, Linux, windows, database, mysql, Examples, web, cherrypy, manual, easy, first time to turbogears, documentation, solutions, fixed, solved,working, pylones, python web framework, TurboGears widgets, TurboGears Forms, TurboGears controller, TurboGears model, TurboGears and sqlalchemy, TurboGears and AJAX, Turbogears Documentation, Turbogears Manual, Turbogears Howto, Turbogears how to, Turbogears faq,trubogears

Start Here

Welcome.

Please start from the beginning of this page if you are new to TurboGears.
If you are looking for something specific please go over the menu items.
If you want to view TurboGears API documentation see: TurboGears API Documentation

Short Intro To TurboGears

If it is your first time working with turbogears, this TurboGears Article will give you an overview of what is what in turbogears. It will show you how turbogears connects database, templates, javascript via python in one simple framework. Here is a copy of just Turbogears related pages Turbogears in O3 Magazine, Issue5 (copy)
Search TG docs

Just looking for specific information? Look through menu first, then try TurboGears Search engine

Install TurboGears

For Turbogears to work we need the following items.
Turbogears.
Sqlite, python bindings for sqlite or mysql and mysql python bindings.
We will use Linux since it is the easiest operating system to work with.
Install turbogears
aptitude update aptitude install python-turbogears
Install sqlite it will get used especially in really quick tg apps.
aptitude install sqlite3 aptitude install python-pysqlite2
Install mysql and/or python binding for mysql
aptitude install mysql-server aptitude install python-mysqldb
You are ready to start your turbogears development.

QuickStart a new project

Create project

This command will create your tg app. It will ask you for your project name, etc.
tg-admin quickstart --sqlalchemy
After running the command you should see questions like this:
Enter project name: myfirstproject Enter package name [myfirstproject]
When done it will create folder called 'myfirstproject'

Start the project

To start a project you just run a start file.
Go into the turbogears folder and start your project. Replace myfirstproject with your project name.
python start-myfirstproject.py

After you start it go to your internet browser and go to this website. Your app is running in a turbogears test server at http://localhost:8080

Make changes

Just go into your project folder, inside there should be:
dev.cfg - where you set configuration properties for your project.
setup.py - which you can use to install your python project into python site-package
myfirstproject folder - There is a folder with a same name as your project, inside there are:
templates - which hold all your html templates (welcome.kid)
static - which holds your images, css, and javascript
config- where you will find your app specific configuration.
model.py - which has your data models
controller.py - which has your data manipulations, your urls, etc.
You can start by editing the main page. In my case I go to myfirstproject/templates and in there you can find the welcome.kid . It is an xhtml file so you can change some text and see how they show up immediately in http:localhost:8080.

Turbogears Overview

Add,remove URL in controller.py

Methods in your controllers.py file map directly to URL.
In your projects' folder there is a file called controllers.py. In there you should see a code that looks like:
@expose(template="myfirstproject.templates.welcome") def index(self): import time # log.debug("Happy TurboGears Controller Responding For Duty") return dict(now=time.ctime())

First Line. You can reach index page which uses templates.welcome when you visit the http://localhost:8080
Second line. You can access this url. To create url with ending hello http://localhost:8080/hello, add the following lines.

Define a function hello and you will need hello.kid in your template folder.

    @expose(template="myfirstproject.templates.hello")
    def hello(self):
        import time
        # log.debug("Happy TurboGears Controller Responding For Duty")
        return dict(greeting="Hello from a controller.py")

Database settings

Edit dev.cfg and where you see the sqlalchemy.dburi replace it with your settings.
You can use the default or comment it out and use some of the other examples that they have provided. mysql, sqlite, etc.
sqlalchemy.dburi="sqlite://%(current_dir_uri)s/devdata.sqlite"
If you want to use a true database from a start you can use syntax like this for:
sqlalchemy.dburi="mysql://username:password@hostname:3306/databasename" sqlalchemy.dburi="postgres://username:password@hostname/databasename sqlalchemy.dburi="oracle://username:password@hostname:1521/sidname" sqlalchemy.dburi="mssql://username:password@hostname:1433/databasename?driver=TDS"
You don't have to provide the port as sqlalchemy knows default ports.

Database tables using model.py

Now that we know where the database is, lets create few tables.
Before you start change the first line, because that will allow you to differentiate different components in sqlalchemy.
Change:
from sqlalchemy import * to import sqlalchemy
You do it in model.py. Add something similar to this one class.
address_table = sqlalchemy.Table('address', metadata, sqlalchemy.Column('Address_Sid', sqlalchemy.Integer, primary_key=True), sqlalchemy.Column('FirstName', sqlalchemy.Unicode(40),nullable=False), sqlalchemy.Column('LastName', sqlalchemy.Unicode(40),nullable=False), sqlalchemy.Column('MaidenLastName', sqlalchemy.Unicode(40)), sqlalchemy.Column('Email', sqlalchemy.Unicode(80),nullable=False), sqlalchemy.Column('Address', sqlalchemy.Unicode(80),nullable=False), sqlalchemy.Column('City', sqlalchemy.Unicode(80),nullable=False), sqlalchemy.Column('State', sqlalchemy.String(2),nullable=False), sqlalchemy.Column('ZipCode', sqlalchemy.Integer,nullable=False), sqlalchemy.Column('DOB', sqlalchemy.Date(),nullable=False), sqlalchemy.Column('CreatedDate', sqlalchemy.Date, default=datetime.now().date()), sqlalchemy.Column('CreatedTime', sqlalchemy.Time, default=datetime.now().time()) )

Save and exit. Now that model.py has its first table lets create it in our database.

SqlAlchemy: Database tables are classes, rows are instances, fields are attributes
To create actual database in sqlite,mysql,postgres, etc issue this command.

tg-admin sql create

Kid template

Kid template is a set of xml files in which you are able to replace text,tags, etc. All kid files need to be a valid xml, xhtml files.
To replace text in kid template you can do few things.The most simplest one is to define a variable. In this example we define it in template. In normal use this variable would be passed into the template from controller.py.
Options on replacing text are:
py:content -Replace content inside of a tag <a py:content> replace this text</a> py:if -Do if statement: py:if="x" if x is true display, else it will remove the tag and its children. py:for -Do for loop py:replace -Replace whole tag: <a py:replace="<a> my default meta tag</meta>"\> py:strip py:match -Matches a tag in a template and replaces with the content you specify.(headers,footers) py:def
Example: Replace Text
<?python myvariable = 'i want this text to replace the variable name in template' ?> <span py:content="myvariable">Text to be replaced</span>
Replace from file:
<div py:content="document('header.html')">Replace this text</div>
Replace whole tag. This line will replace the whole meta tag with a value we have it, aka. So if you use this line to your template, the meta tag won't appear in the final output of the page.
<meta content="text/html";charset=UTF-8" http-equiv="content-type" py:replace="''"/>
For loop
<ul> <li py:for="person in PhoneBook"> <a href="$person.home_page"> <span py:content="person.last_name">Name to be replaced</span>, <span py:content="person.first_name">Name to be replaced</span> </a>
If statement:
<div py:if="person.first_name and person.last_name" > <span py:content="person.last_name">Name to be replaced</span>, <span py:content="person.first_name">Name to be replaced</span> </div>
or
<div py:if="value_of('somefield', None)" py:content="somecontent"></div>
or
<p py:if="5 * 5 == 25"> Python seems to be handling multiplication okay. </p>

First webapp: Address Book

Create a new project.
tg-admin quickstart --sqlalchemy
Now open a dev.cfg and add your database information in there, follow the example connection string they have in there.
Or pick one of these:
sqlalchemy.dburi="sqlite://%(current_dir_uri)s/devdata.sqlite" sqlalchemy.dburi="mysql://username:password@hostname:3306/databasename" sqlalchemy.dburi="postgres://username:password@hostname/databasename sqlalchemy.dburi="oracle://username:password@hostname:1521/sidname" sqlalchemy.dburi="mssql://username:password@hostname:1433/databasename?driver=TDS"
You don't have to provide the port as sqlalchemy knows default ports.
You are done with your app connection to a database. Sqlalchemy/Turbogears will take it from here.

Database Model

Model.py handles the definitions of all your data.
It is here where you define your tables, data models, anything that needs a definition.
Before we start lets make sure you have all modules imported and you know what is for what.
Make sure you imported proper modules.
Define your tables. 1.Create and bind your database to python class.

Import Proper Modules

You should see an import statements like this(if you don't need identity this list will be shorter):
from datetime import datetime #this imports date and time manipulation library from turbogears.database import metadata, mapper #This maps database to a python class (more on it soon) # import some basic SQLAlchemy classes for declaring the data model # (see http://www.sqlalchemy.org/docs/04/ormtutorial.html) from sqlalchemy import Table, Column, ForeignKey from sqlalchemy.orm import relation # import some datatypes for table columns from SQLAlchemy # (see http://www.sqlalchemy.org/docs/04/types.html for more) #from sqlalchemy import String, Unicode, Integer, DateTime,Time,Date, TEXT import sqlalchemy from turbogears import identity

Create Tables

Its time to create your table now.
With sqlalchemy you have choice of either defining your own table or loading already existing table from database.
The database you are connecting is defined in dev.cfg.
Define a table
#Your table definition here. address_table = sqlalchemy.Table('addressbook', metadata, sqlalchemy.Column('Address_Sid', sqlalchemy.Integer, primary_key=True), sqlalchemy.Column('FirstName', sqlalchemy.Unicode(128),nullable=False), sqlalchemy.Column('LastName', sqlalchemy.Unicode(128),nullable=False), sqlalchemy.Column('MaidenLastName', sqlalchemy.Unicode(40)), sqlalchemy.Column('Email', sqlalchemy.Unicode(128),nullable=False), sqlalchemy.Column('Address', sqlalchemy.Unicode(128),nullable=False), sqlalchemy.Column('City', sqlalchemy.Unicode(128),nullable=False), sqlalchemy.Column('State', sqlalchemy.String(2),nullable=False), sqlalchemy.Column('ZipCode', sqlalchemy.Integer,nullable=False), sqlalchemy.Column('DOB', sqlalchemy.Date(),nullable=False), sqlalchemy.Column('CreatedDate', sqlalchemy.Date, default=datetime.now().date()), sqlalchemy.Column('CreatedTime', sqlalchemy.Time, default=datetime.now().time()) )
These lines will create an object address_table which has definitions of each column and will be used to create table in database.

Map Your Table To Python Class

Create a python class
Now we map the database table to a python class.
This basically means that our database will become a python class. We will be able to call its attributes and use it just like you would use normal classes and functions in python.
Create an empty python class which will hold our data later. Capitalize the first character.
#Object Creation #This is an empty class that will become our data class class Addressbook(object): pass
Map python class
Now map the empty class to database object.
#Mapping of Table to Object addresstable_mapper=mapper(Addressbook,address_table)

This actually connects the database table definition you created and empty python class.

Now Addressbook knows about each column and you can referance it as Addressbook.City for example.
It also knows what type it is and how to retrieve, insert, delete that record.
Save and Exit.

Note: Sqlalchemy 0.3, assign_mapper has been depreciated and default is to use a mapper. If you are looking for assign_mapper functionality take a look at Elixir Project.

Create Tables in Database

Final step, and the easiest one.
Create database by issuing command :
tg-admin sql create
If you experience problems or errors go back to installation and make sure you have all the components. If that doesn't fix the error check your model.py

TurboGears Flow

Controller.py hold all your data transformations. Passing data from one thing to another, and converting it on the way there is done here.
Since we defined the data structure in our model we can now use it to query database.
We will pass the results to a kid template that will display the data for us. template.addresses will do just that.
To create a list of addresses add this to controlls.py
@expose(template="myfirstproject.templates.addresses") def addresses(self): from model import Addressbook x=Addressbook.select() return dict(addresses=x)
@expose(template="myfirstproject.templates.addresses") -- tells which template to pass the results of a function
def addresses(self): -- tells what the URL for the function be. localhost:8080/addresses
return dict(addresses=x) --tells what to return. addresses.kid will have addresses object available to it to display.

Template
templates/address.kid is where all your data is displayed as xhtml. You tell it how to display it by modifying the template.
Copy the welcome.kid to addresses.kid and replace everything in body tag with:
<body> <ul> <li py:for="record in addresses"> <a py:content="record.FirstName">first name</a> <a py:content="record.LastName">last name</a> </li> </ul> </body>
[addresses is available to the template because the function addresses in controls.py return it.]
Visit: http://localhost:8080/addresses
We now finished with displaying addresses. Now its time to create a form so we can insert them.

Save Form

First we create a controller that will save our address book.
Make these changes in controlls.py
On top line where you see:
from turbogears import controllers, expose
add redirect at the end of list.
from turbogears import controllers, expose, redirect
Then below root class add this function
@expose() def saveaddressbook(self,first_name,last_name): from model import AddressBook first_name=first_name last_name=last_name AddressBook(first_name=first_name,last_name=last_name) raise redirect("/addresses")
This function expects the first and last name to be passed into it.You can reach this function at localhost:8080/saveaddressbook but it will give you an error if you don't pass first and last name. It will save names using the Addressbook Class from the model. At the end it will redirect to localhost:8080/addresses
Edit form

Now let's create actual form to input the names:
First we need a controller, so add this into your controllers.py
@expose(template="myfirstproject.templates.form") def addressbookform(self): return dict()
This will sent empty dictionary to template form, and will allow you to access localhost:8080/addressbookform
Now inside templates lets' create form.kid
Copy welcome.kid to form.kid and replace the whole body with this:
<body> <form NAME="Add Addressbook" METHOD="post" ACTION="/saveaddressbook"> <p>First Name: <input name="first_name"></input></p> <p>Last Name: <input name="last_name"></input></p> <p><input type="submit" value="submit"></input></p> </form> </body>
Now we are done. go to http://localhost:8080/addressbookform and you should see your form.
After you submit it you should be redirected to http://localhost:8080/addresses
If you experienced an error :
ExpatError: mismatched tag: line 13, column 2
You need to check your form.kid because it expects valid xhtml code. This error means that your template has some kind of xhtml syntax error.

TurboGears in Second(II) Gear

This should make your realize how fast and easy you can create your turbogears app, or how easy you can extend your desktop application.
Extend your existing application to web
Use existing database
Create forms
Validate forms
Create proccess
Save data
Verify data
Confirm final submition

TurboGears Forms

Widgets and Validators

Widget is a collection of tools to build html forms automatically for you. Validators is a collection of tools to validate the input from the html form automaticly.
We start from a beginning with tg-admin quickstart, our app will be called addressbook

Form Widget

In your controller.py add these 4 modules to the import list, widgets, validators, error_handle, validate
Your line should look similar to this.
from turbogears import controllers, expose, widgets, validators, error_handler, validate
Above root class, lets create class with our form fields.
This class is what defines the each part of a html form and what needs to be validated when the form is filled.
Label will be displayed next to the field. By default it is what the field name you gave it ex. firstname. If you want it to be changed the displayed name you add label="First Name" inside with the rest of the parameters.
With validators such as money, number,etc empty fields will be still accepted. If you would like to force the field to not be empty you have to add(not_empty=True) to your definition. Look at syntax of yourcarvalue below.
If you would like to use multiple validators you would use: validators.all(validators.plaintext(),validators.minLength(15))
Here are some sample fields and validators just to get you started. See the full list for all available widgets.
class AddressBookFields(widgets.WidgetsList): firstname = widgets.TextField(validator=validators.NotEmpty) description = widgets.TextArea(validator=validators.NotEmpty) homepage = widgets.TextField(validator=validators.URL) yourcarvalue = widgets.TextField(label="Car Value", validator=validators.Money(not_empty=True)) zipcode = widgets.TextField(label="ZipCode",validator=validators.PostalCode)
Now that you created your widget we will have to initiate it. We initiate it right below the class, otherwise instate it where you need it. We will reference our form by this name, address_form.
addressbook_form = widgets.TableForm(fields=AddressBookFields(),submit_text="save address")
You are done with html form, html form validation aka. widget.
Below you will find an example of choices you can make when creating widget:
class BigAddressBookFields(widgets.WidgetsList): firstname = widgets.TextField(validator=validators.NotEmpty) description = widgets.TextArea(validator=validators.NotEmpty) homepage = widgets.TextField(validator=validators.URL) yourcarvalue = widgets.TextField(label="Car Value", validator=validators.Money(not_empty=True)) zipcode = widgets.TextField(label="ZipCode",validator=validators.PostalCode) age = widgets.TextField(label="Your Age",validator=validators.Int) sex = widgets.SingleSelectField(label="Gender",validator=validators.NotEmpty, options=['Female','Male']) maritalstatus = widgets.SingleSelectField(label="Marital Status", validator=validators.NotEmpty,options=['Single','Married']) dob = widgets.CalendarDatePicker(format = '%Y/%m/%d',validator = validators.DateTimeConverter(format="%Y/%m/%d")) year=widgets.TextField(attrs={'size':4,'maxlength':4},validator=validators.All(validators.Number(not_empty='True'),validators.MinLength(4))) searchin = widgets.RadioButtonList(label="Search in",validator=validators.NotEmpty,options=['Option1','Option2']) searchfor = widgets.RadioButtonList(label="Search For",validator=validators.NotEmpty,options=['Option1','Option2'],default='Option1') searchtype = widgets.RadioButtonList(label="Search Type",validator=validators.NotEmpty, options=[(1,'Exact'),(2,'Slow')],default=1)
You can type widgets in a following format if it makes it easier to read for you:
myfield = widgets.TextField( name='title', label='Title', attrs={'size': 64, 'maxlength': 64}, validator=v.All(validators.NotEmpty, validators.UnicodeString) )

Page URL

Lets define a url where our form will be accessible from the internet.
Again in controller.py Under a root class add this:
@expose(template="addressbook.templates.form") def addressbook(self): submit_action = "/addressbookprocess" return dict(form=addressbook_form,action=submit_action)
First line tells you which template will be used.
Second line tells you what will be the url of this method. http://localhost:8080/addressbook
Submit action tells where should the form input be sent.
Last line returns a dictionary 'form', which is equal to addressbook_form, and we pass an action as well.

Page template

Now let's create a form.kid in the template folder
In Template folder copy welcome.kid and create form.kid
Replace the <body\> with this:
<body> ${form(action=action)} </body>

Validate the widget/form

Our form will be submited to /addressbookprocess. In controller.py we need to create that url. Again Under a root class add this function.
@expose() @error_handler(addressbook) @validate(form=addressbook_form) def addressbookprocess(self,**kwargs): return dict(kwargs=kwargs)
Error handler will catch the error and if one exists it will pass it back to where it came from. In our case addressbook.
Validate will validate the form.
Addressbookprocess will process the form. We will save the content later, for now we pass values to our function via **kwargs (key word arguments)
FYI. *name syntax gets all the parameters and puts them in list. You can reference the list as *name[0] for first argument, etc.
Now if you wanted to save your addressbook follow the same proccess that we discussed in previus example. Look at the Database model paragraph and save forma paragraph.
If you are building a registration forms you might want to try:Registration for TG. It is a set of tools to help you register users.

More on Validate Widget

Make sure your controller now imports proper modules from turbogears
from turbogears import redirect, widgets,validators, error_handler, validate,flash
Define your widget definition class and create object you will call later
class AddressBookFields(widgets.WidgetsList): firstname = widgets.TextField(validator=validators.NotEmpty) description = widgets.TextArea(validator=validators.NotEmpty) homepage = widgets.TextField(validator=validators.URL) # Create object and set submit button text address_form = widgets.TableForm(fields=AddressBookFields(),submit_text="save address")
Create controller function for your widget
@expose(template="addressbook.templates.addressupdate") def addressupdate(self): submit_action = "/addresssave" return dict(form=address_form,action=submit_action)
Add widget form to the template
<html> <body> <p> ${form(action=action)} </p> </body> </html>
Handle error, validate and proccess, and inform about results from the widget
#@expose(template="addressbook.templates.addresssave") @expose() @error_handler(addressupdate) @validate(form=address_form) def addresssave(self,**kwargs): flash('Addressbook Information are Saved') #You can save the information stored in dictionary kwargs to your database, proccess data, etc # return dict(kwargs=kwargs) or raise redirect("/index") or return other information. return dict(kwargs=kwargs)

Pre-fill Widgets

You can pre-fill widgets by returning the values they should have.
I am querying the database using sqlalchemy:
d=model.Useraddress() x=d.get_by(USER_SID=345,ADDRESS_SID=2)
Then I pass x(the corresponding record) to my template
return dict(address=address_form,value=x, action=submit_action)
In my template I add the (value=value) option.
<p><span>${address(value=value, action=action)}</span></p>
Done. You widget is prefilled.

Widgets options

To find options for widgets. Start python, and type
import turbogears
Now type
dir(turbogears.widgets)
You will get a list of available functions.You should see.
['AjaxGrid', 'AutoCompleteField', 'Button', 'CSSLink', 'CSSSource', 'CalendarDat ePicker', 'CalendarDateTimePicker', 'CalendarLangFileLink', 'CheckBox', 'CheckBo xList', 'CompoundFormField', 'CompoundInputWidget', 'CompoundWidget', 'DataGrid' , 'FieldSet', 'FileField', 'Form', 'FormField', 'FormFieldsContainer', 'HiddenFi eld', 'ImageButton', 'InputWidget', 'JSLink', 'JSSource', 'JumpMenu', 'Label', ' Link', 'LinkRemoteFunction', 'ListForm', 'LocalizableJSLink', 'MultipleSelectFie ld', 'PaginateDataGrid', 'PasswordField', 'RPC', 'RadioButtonList', 'RemoteForm' , 'RepeatingFieldSet', 'RepeatingFormField', 'RepeatingInputWidget', 'ResetButto n', 'Resource', 'SelectionField', 'SingleSelectField', 'Source', 'SubmitButton', 'SyntaxHighlighter', 'Tabber', 'TableForm', 'TextArea', 'TextField', 'URLLink', 'Widget', 'WidgetDescription', 'WidgetsList', '__builtins__', '__doc__', '__fil e__', '__name__', '__path__', 'all_widgets', 'base', 'big_widgets', 'datagrid', 'forms', 'i18n', 'js_location', 'links', 'load_widgets', 'meta', 'mochikit', 're gister_static_directory', 'rpc', 'set_with_self', 'static']
This means you could for example work with datagrid. (http://www.checkandshare.com/blog/?p=24)

Validators options

We follow similar step with validator. After opening python
import turbogears dir(turbogears.validators)
You should see.
['All', 'Any', 'Bool', 'ConfirmType', 'Constant', 'CreditCardExpires', 'CreditCa rdSecurityCode', 'CreditCardValidator', 'DateConverter', 'DateTimeConverter', 'D ateValidator', 'DictConverter', 'Email', 'Empty', 'FancyValidator', 'FieldStorag eUploadConverter', 'FieldsMatch', 'FileUploadKeeper', 'ForEach', 'FormValidator' , 'IndexListConverter', 'Int', 'Invalid', 'JSONValidator', 'MaxLength', 'MinLeng th', 'Money', 'MultipleSelection', 'NoDefault', 'NotEmpty', 'Number', 'OneOf', ' PhoneNumber', 'PlainText', 'PostalCode', 'Regex', 'RequireIfMissing', 'RequireIf Present', 'Schema', 'Set', 'SignedString', 'StateProvince', 'String', 'StringBoo l', 'StringBoolean', 'StripField', 'TgFancyValidator', 'TimeConverter', 'URL', ' UnicodeString', 'Validator', 'Wrapper', '_', '__builtin__', '__builtins__', '__d oc__', '__file__', '__name__', '_findall', '_illegal_s', 'cgi', 'datetime', 'for mat', 'jsonify', 'pkg_resources', 're', 'simplejson', 'strftime_before1900', 'ti me', 'turbogears', 'util', 'validators', 'warnings']

Password validators

This would mostly be used to see if the password in two fields are the same.
class PasswordFields(widgets.WidgetsDecalration): passwd = widgets.PasswordField(validators=validators.NotEmpty()) passwd2 = widgets.PasswordField(validators=validators.UnicodeString()) class PasswordSchema(fromencode.schema.Schema): chained_validators=[validators.FieldsMatch('passswd','passwd2')] form = TableForm(fields=PasswordFields(), validator=PasswordSchema)

Focus cursor on the form field

You can read more on focusing on fields here
You need to change your <body> tag to:
<body onload="document.getElementById('myfield').focus()">

TurboGears dispaly Widgets

DataGrid

DataGrid allows you to display data in a grid like way.
DataGrid requires you to describe what you're going to display via passing a string as the field name or use callables to return what you want. The example with sqlalchemy shows displaying using field name, and second example shows using lambda callable function.
TG Docs on DataGrid
DataGrid's template is very simple.

DataGrid and SqlAlchemy Example

DataGrid displays our data in a Grid Like table. It calls attributes of a class like this: myclass.FirstName, myclass.LastName. You get this type of structure when you deal with sqlalchemy and mapper, so I assume you want to display some data from sqlachemy here.
We first need to create a data grid description. DataGrid will use it to display what we want in order we want.
from turbogears.widgets import DataGrid myusers_datagrid = DataGrid(fields=[ ('DisplayedColumnName1', 'LastName'), ('DisplayedColumnName2', 'FirstName'), ('DisplayedColumnName3', 'PhoneNumber'), ])
Each tuple ('DisplayedColumnName1', 'LastName'), defines single column in the table.
DisplayedColumnName1 parameter defines how your whole column will be called. The LastName is an attributes' name of the class you will be trying to get the data out of. Example: myclass.LastName.
So now we need to pass a list of the data we want to display.
Here we are doing Select, but you could select it somewhere else in a code and just pass the results to display function.
We pass something iterable to display() function of our widget.
mydatagrid=myusers_datagrid.display(Users.select()) retrun dict(mydatagrid=mydatagrid)
In your template just add this where you want to display your data:
<span py:content="mydatagrid">datagrid will appear here</span>
You are done. Wasn't that easy?

Data Grid Example with static content

Let say you want to display something on the bottom of your page in a datagrid like manner, and you don't need a database.
Add this in your model.py file
from turbogears.widgets import DataGrid
In Model.py we will add our data grid. For now we just need to display some semi-static data in a grid so we will handcode the data fields and some values.
mycustom_widget = DataGrid(fields=[ ('NumberOfPayments', lambda row=row[0]), ('Due Each Month', lambda row=row[1]), ]) mydefaults=[(6,100),(2,300)]
This initiates a datagrid instance that has 2 columns: numberofpayments and due each month.
We create a list of some numbers that we will passed into this instance. In order to retrive the values from the list we use lambda which acts like a anonymous function. If you are not familiar to lambda this is how it would look in normal python way: def somefunction(row): return row[0]
In controller.py under your function you want to display the data add this:
from model import * mydatagrid=mycustome_widget.display(mydefaults) return dict(mydatagrid=mydatagrid)
We pass our list of defaults to display() function of our widget.
We now need to return mydatagrid to our template.
Now in your template add this anywhere you want to display the data.:
<span py:content="mydatagrid">datagrid will appear here</span>

Paginate Data Grid

With paginate datagrid you can divide query results into subsets for easier or more useful display via page1(50 results),page2(another 50 results),page3...etc.
You need to import paginate, so your import lines need to have paginate, and url from turbogears, and PaginateDataGrid from widget.
from turbogears import controllers, expose, flash,widgets, validators, error_handler, validate, paginate, url from turbogears.widgets import PaginateDataGrid
You define paginate data grid just like you would datagrid but you add sortable option if you want.
#Create Sortable Option sortable = dict(sortable=True) mytable_grid = PaginateDataGrid(name='my big results', fields=[ ('ID', 'id', sortable), ('Groupname', 'group_name'), ('Last Name', 'last_name', sortable), ('Members', 'num_members', sortable) ])
In your controller before expose you add a @paginate decorator, and you return a widget and data source separately.
@expose(template="myapp.templates.mybigpage") @paginate('myresults',limit=50,default_order='last_name') def mybigpage(self): #do some query here myresults=..... return dict(mytablegrid=mytable_grid,myresults=myresults)
*In your template add:
<p><span py:content="mytablegrid(myresults)">My Grid will show here.</span></p>
You are done.

Fast Data Grid

FastDataGrid is sophisticated enough to figure out how to display an arbitrary results from a select statment instance that was done when you do .select() on you SQLObject's model object.
FastDataGrid is a seperate module for Turbogears and it needs to be downloaded from turbogears website.
sudo easy_install -f http://turbogears.org/download/ TGFastData
http://turbogears.org/widgets/tutorials/DataGridWidget.html

SqlAlchemy (SA)

You can find full documentation on sqlalchemy at their website, but this section will get you up to speed.
If you need to use sqlalchemy on its own try this sqlalchemy tutorial
Start new TurboGears project with sqlalchemy.
tg-admin quickstart --sqlalchemy

Database Connection

In dev.cfg you will be connecting to a database. Sqlalchemy allows you to create your own tables or use pre-existing tables.
You will have to log into database and create user,password, and database. You can do it via mysql administrator program.
Setup the connection
In dev.cfg we connect to our database.
sqlalchemy.dburi="mysql://username:password@localhost:3306/databasename
If you need to connect to other database, pick one of these:
sqlalchemy.dburi="sqlite://%(current_dir_uri)s/devdata.sqlite" sqlalchemy.dburi="mysql://username:password@hostname:3306/databasename" sqlalchemy.dburi="postgres://username:password@hostname/databasename sqlalchemy.dburi="oracle://username:password@hostname:1521/sidname"
For mssql on Linux, using pyodbc and unixODBC
sqlalchemy.dburi="mssql://username:password@hostname:1433/databasename?driver=TDS&odbc_options='TDS_Version=8.0'"
You don't have to provide the port as sqlalchemy knows default ports.

What needs to be imported

Modify the import lines in model.py so that they look like:
from turbogears.database import metadata, session, bind_meta_data from sqlalchemy.ext.assignmapper import assign_mapper import sqlalchemy

bind to database

Now bind the connection to your database in model.py. This function will bind to the connection you have setup at dev.conf
bind_meta_data()

create tables

Load Existing Table
Create an instance for your first table.
Add this to your model.py file. Replace yourtablename with the actual table name from your database.
#Creating table sctructure from our database. yourtablename_table = sqlalchemy.Table('yourtablename', metadata, autoload=True)
Above line will create object yourtablename_table which will know and store definitions of the table.
Create your own table
If you are starting a new project and you want to create a table here is a sample table you can use.
You do it again in model.py. Add something similar to this one class.
address_table = sqlalchemy.Table('address', metadata, sqlalchemy.Column('Address_Sid', sqlalchemy.Integer, primary_key=True), sqlalchemy.Column('FirstName', sqlalchemy.Unicode(40),nullable=False), sqlalchemy.Column('LastName', sqlalchemy.Unicode(40),nullable=False), sqlalchemy.Column('MaidenLastName', sqlalchemy.Unicode(40)), sqlalchemy.Column('Email', sqlalchemy.Unicode(80),nullable=False), sqlalchemy.Column('Address', sqlalchemy.Unicode(80),nullable=False), sqlalchemy.Column('City', sqlalchemy.Unicode(80),nullable=False), sqlalchemy.Column('State', sqlalchemy.String(2),nullable=False), sqlalchemy.Column('ZipCode', sqlalchemy.Integer,nullable=False), sqlalchemy.Column('DOB', sqlalchemy.Date(),nullable=False), sqlalchemy.Column('CreatedDate', sqlalchemy.Date, default=datetime.now().date()), sqlalchemy.Column('CreatedTime', sqlalchemy.Time, default=datetime.now().time()) )
Save and exit. Now that model.py has its first table you will have to create it in our database.
To create actual database in issue this command.
tg-admin sql create
SqlAlchemy: Database tables are classes, rows are instances, fields are attributes
You can always refere to sqlalchemy types documentation to get a full list of available options.
Here is a sample:
Captialized refers to a SQL standard type, whereas non-capitalized is a "generic" type that may resolve differently on different database backends.
module sqlalchemy.types * class BLOB(Binary) * class BOOLEAN(Boolean) * class Binary(TypeEngine) * class Boolean(TypeEngine) * class CHAR(String) * class CLOB(TEXT) * class DATE(Date) * class DATETIME(DateTime) * class DECIMAL(Numeric) * class Date(TypeEngine) * class DateTime(TypeEngine) * class FLOAT(Float) * class Float(Numeric) * class INT(Integer) * class Integer(TypeEngine) * class Interval(TypeDecorator) * class NCHAR(Unicode) * class NUMERIC(Numeric) * class Numeric(TypeEngine) * class PickleType(MutableType,TypeDecorator) * class SMALLINT(SmallInteger) * class SmallInteger(Integer) * class String(Concatenable,TypeEngine) * class TEXT(String) * class TIME(Time) * class TIMESTAMP(DateTime) * class Time(TypeEngine) * class TypeDecorator(AbstractType) * class TypeEngine(AbstractType) * class Unicode(String) * class VARCHAR(String)

create python data class

Now we map the database table to a python class that we will use to manipulate our data.This basically means that our database will become a python class that we can call its attributes etc.
Create an empty python class which will hold our data later. Capitalize the first character.
Add this to model.py
#Object Creation #This is an empty class that will become our data class class Yourtablename(object): pass

map database to python class

Map the empty class to database object.This actually connects the database to our class that we just created. It tells the class what fields, attributes, functions it allows.
#Mapping of Table to Object yourtablename_mapper=assign_mapper(session.context,Yourtablename,yourtablename_table)
You are done with model.py
Your final model.py should look something like this. In this case I am using table called binder
from turbogears.database import metadata, session,bind_meta_data from sqlalchemy.ext.assignmapper import assign_mapper import sqlalchemy #Binding sqlalchemy to a turbogears database bind_meta_data() #[Mysql option]Fixed in next relese. Table creation, ticket 482 #from turbogears import database #engine=database.get_engine() #tables = [] #for name in engine.execute("SHOW TABLES"): # tables[name] = sqlalchemy.Table(name, metadata, autoload=True) #Using manual table creation binder_table = sqlalchemy.Table('binder', metadata, autoload=True) bdriver_table = sqlalchemy.Table('bdriver', metadata, autoload=True) bcoverage_table = sqlalchemy.Table('bcoverage', metadata, autoload=True) bvehicle_table = sqlalchemy.Table('bvehicle', metadata, autoload=True) bviolation_table = sqlalchemy.Table('bviolation', metadata, autoload=True) bdiscschg_table = sqlalchemy.Table('bdiscschg', metadata, autoload=True) #Object Creation #This is an empty class that will become our data class class Binder(object): pass class bdriver(object): pass class bcoverage(object): pass class bvehicle(object): pass class bviolation(object): pass class bdiscschg(object): pass #Mapping of Table to Object bindermapper=assign_mapper(session.context,Binder,binder_table) bdrivermapper=assign_mapper(session.context,bdriver,bdriver_table) bvehiclemapper=assign_mapper(session.context,bvehicle,bvehicle_table) bcoveragemapper=assign_mapper(session.context,bcoverage,bcoverage_table) bviolationmapper=assign_mapper(session.context,bviolation,bviolation_table) bdiscschmapper=assign_mapper(session.context,bdiscschg,bdiscschg_table)
When Done Don't forget to run this command in root directory of the project.
tg-admin sql create

create table in sqlalchemy

datatypes

Here are sqlalchemy data types: Sqlalchemy Data Types
Example Sqlalchemy Table
address_table = sqlalchemy.Table('address', metadata, sqlalchemy.Column('Address_Sid', sqlalchemy.Integer, primary_key=True), sqlalchemy.Column('FirstName', sqlalchemy.Unicode(128),nullable=False), sqlalchemy.Column('LastName', sqlalchemy.Unicode(128),nullable=False), sqlalchemy.Column('MaidenLastName', sqlalchemy.Unicode(128)), sqlalchemy.Column('Email', sqlalchemy.Unicode(128),nullable=False), sqlalchemy.Column('Address', sqlalchemy.Unicode(128),nullable=False), sqlalchemy.Column('City', sqlalchemy.Unicode(128),nullable=False), sqlalchemy.Column('State', sqlalchemy.String(2),nullable=False), sqlalchemy.Column('ZipCode', sqlalchemy.Integer,nullable=False), sqlalchemy.Column('DOB', sqlalchemy.Date(),nullable=False), sqlalchemy.Column('CreatedDate', sqlalchemy.Date, default=datetime.now().date()), sqlalchemy.Column('CreatedTime', sqlalchemy.Time, default=datetime.now().time()) )

autoload

Primary, auto increment, unique, alternative, composite keys

unique

# per-column anonymous unique constraint Column('col1', Integer, unique=True),
Column('col2', Integer), Column('col3', Integer), # explicit/composite unique constraint. 'name' is optional. UniqueConstraint('col2', 'col3', name='uix_1')

controller.py, Data passing and conversion

In controller you you to add this to import lines if they don't have it included:
from quote import model

Direct Sql statements to a database

You can use direct sql statements to get the data you need.
from turbogears import database engine=database.get_engine() engine.execute("SHOW TABLES"):

Basic select()

There are two ways you can get data from database via sqlaclhemy, via Query or via Select. The "Query class should not be confused with the Select class, which defines database SELECT operations at the SQL (non-ORM) level. Query differs from Select in that it returns ORM-mapped objects and interacts with an ORM session, whereas the Select construct interacts directly with the database to return iterable result sets."10
The simplest form of select is:
s=Users.select()
Here we select all from that table. aka select * from Users

equal, not equal, less then, more then

To select partucular record
s1=Users.select(Users.c.LASTNAME=='Smith')

more or less

Less or More
s1=Users.select(Users.c.AGE < 40)

and ,or ,not

Use two fields And or or
s1=Users.select((Users.c.LASTNAME=='Smith') & (Users.c.FIRSTNAME=='John')) s1=Users.select((Users.c.LASTNAME=='Smith') | (Users.c.FIRSTNAME=='John'))
Or you want to select everybody except for Smith
s1=Users.select( ~(Users.c.LASTNAME=='Smith'))
As you can see we are using a Users.select() function to get these values. As a parameter we are giving a combinations of Users.c.FIELDNAME

like, endswith, startswith, between, in

You can also use other ways to find your results, but this time we will use a build in functions on that FIELDNAME that we are using.(s1=Users.select(Users.c.FIELDNAME.SOMEFUNCTION) These include:
s1=Users.select(Users.c.AGE.between(18,21)) s1=Users.select(Users.c.LASTNAME.like('%a')) s1=Users.select(Users.c.FaxNumber.like('%'+str(kwargs['FaxNumber'])+'%')) s1=Users.select(Users.c.LASTNAME.endswith('th')) s1=Users.select(Users.c.LASTNAME.startswith('Mr')) s1=Users.select(Users.c.LASTNAME.in_('Smith','Johnson'))
As you saw we used functions: like, endswith, startswith, between, in_ functions there are few more but you have to see for yourself how they work.
More like examples:
s1=Users.select(Users.c.LASTNAME.like('%'+kwargs['LASTNAME']+'%')) s1=Users.select(Users.c.LASTNAME.like('%'+str(kwargs['USERID'])+'%'))

Advenced select()

different select: sqlalchemy.select()

Now that you have a handle on this select() function. There is another select function that is part of sqlalchemy, but that function needs to be executed.
import sqlalchemy s2=sqlalchemy.select(Users.c.LASTNAME=='Smith') s3=s2.execute()
The actual going to a database happens when you issue a execute()
If you don't want to select all fields you can tell select which fields you want. sqlalchemy.select().execute()
s1=sqlalchemy.select( [Users.c.LAST,Users.c.FIRST,Users.c.Age],(Users.c.LASTNAME=='Smith')).execute()

group_by

With this select you are able to group single fields and do a group by queries.
To select a single column you do:
x=sqlalchemy.select([Users.c.AGE], Users.c.LASTNAME=='Smith') x2=x.execute()
To Select a single column and group it by some column you do:
x2=sqlalchemy.select([Users.c.AGE], group_by=[Users.c.AGE]) x2=x.execute()
If you want to combine where and group by you do:
x2=sqlalchemy.select([Users.c.AGE], Users.c.LASTNAME=='Smith',group_by=[Users.c.AGE]) x2=x.execute()
If you are looking for a advanced group_by read: advanced group by logic

select_by

Another select function os select_by in which you can specify multiple field names.
User.select_by(User_sid=100, last_name='Smith')

available functions of sqlalchemy

[FYI]These are available functions and/or attributes of a python class. We have used some of these.

properties of python class and sql

From this list we used select(),select_by(), flush()
dir(User) ['IDCOLUMN', 'COLUMN1', 'WHATEVER','THE','COLUMN','NAME','IS','IN','THE','DATABASE', '__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__doc__', '__getattribute__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__module__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__str__', '__weakref__', '_state', 'c', 'count', 'count_by', 'delete', 'expire', 'expunge', 'flush', 'get', 'get_by', 'join_to', 'join_via', 'mapper', 'merge', 'refresh', 'save', 'save_or_update', 'select', 'select_by', 'selectone', 'update']

properties of a field name

These are propertis of fields. Fields like Users.c.LASTNAME
We've used like, endswith,startswith,in_,like.
These are the rest of the function that you could choose from
>>> dir(Users.c.LASTNAME) ['_ColumnClause__label', '_ColumnElement__orig_set', '_Column__originating_column', '_SchemaItem__case_sensitive', '__add__', '__and__', '__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__div__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__invert__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__mod__', '__module__', '__mul__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__or__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__str__', '__sub__', '__truediv__', '__weakref__', '_bind_param', '_case_sens', '_case_sensitive_setting', '_check_literal', '_compare', '_compare_self', '_compare_type', '_derived_metadata', '_determine_case_sensitive', '_find_engine', '_foreign_keys', '_get_case_sensitive', '_get_engine', '_get_from_objects', '_get_label', '_get_orig_set', '_get_parent', '_group_parenthesized', '_init_items', '_is_oid', '_label', '_make_proxy', '_negate', '_one_fkey', '_operate', '_primary_key', '_process_from_dict', '_selectable', '_set_casing_strategy', '_set_orig_set', '_set_parent', 'accept_schema_visitor', 'accept_visitor', 'append_foreign_key', 'args', 'autoincrement', 'between', 'case_sensitive', 'columns', 'compare', 'compile', 'constraints', 'copy', 'copy_container', 'default', 'distinct', 'endswith', 'engine', 'execute', 'foreign_key', 'foreign_keys', 'get_engine', 'in_', 'index', 'key', 'label', 'like', 'metadata', 'name', 'nullable', 'onupdate', 'op', 'orig_set', 'parens', 'primary_key', 'quote', 'scalar', 'select', 'shares_lineage', 'startswith', 'table', 'to_selectable', 'type', 'unique']

list of available fields, proprties

TABLENAME.chas names of the columns.
For example you could
>>> print User.c.has_key('FIRSTNAME') True >>> print User.c.has_key('firstname') False
To get a column name in actual database, you could get it by doing:
>>> print User.c.FIRSTNAME User.FIRSTNAME
Where User is a table name and FIRSTNAME is a column name
These are available properties that you could use:
dir(User.c) ['_OrderedProperties__data', '__add__', '__class__', '__contains__', '__delattr__', '__delitem__', '__dict__', '__doc__', '__getattr__', '__getattribute__', '__getitem__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__iter__', '__len__', '__module__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__setitem__', '__str__', '__weakref__', '_get_data', 'clear', 'get', 'has_key', 'keys']

working with columns

You can work with single column by using these attributes:
>>> dir(User.c.FIRSTNAME) ['_ColumnClause__label', '_ColumnElement__orig_set', '_Column__originating_column', '_SchemaItem__case_sensitive', '__add__', '__and__', '__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__div__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__invert__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__mod__', '__module__', '__mul__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__or__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__str__', '__sub__', '__truediv__', '__weakref__', '_bind_param', '_case_sens', '_case_sensitive_setting', '_check_literal', '_compare', '_compare_self', '_compare_type', '_derived_metadata', '_determine_case_sensitive', '_find_engine', '_foreign_keys', '_get_case_sensitive', '_get_engine', '_get_from_objects', '_get_label', '_get_orig_set', '_get_parent', '_group_parenthesized', '_init_items', '_is_oid', '_label', '_make_proxy', '_negate', '_one_fkey', '_operate', '_primary_key', '_process_from_dict', '_selectable', '_set_casing_strategy', '_set_orig_set', '_set_parent', 'accept_schema_visitor', 'accept_visitor', 'append_foreign_key', 'args', 'autoincrement', 'between', 'case_sensitive', 'columns', 'compare', 'compile', 'constraints', 'copy', 'copy_container', 'default', 'distinct', 'endswith', 'engine', 'execute', 'foreign_key', 'foreign_keys', 'get_engine', 'in_', 'index', 'key', 'label', 'like', 'metadata', 'name', 'nullable', 'onupdate', 'op', 'orig_set', 'parens', 'primary_key', 'quote', 'scalar', 'select', 'shares_lineage', 'startswith', 'table', 'to_selectable', 'type', 'unique', 'use_labels']

Select() function properties

If you want to select all columns and rows you can do:
all=User.select()
When you do that all becomes a list
You can access first element by
all[0] #To get the whole object or all[0].FIRSTNAME #To get actual value or all[0].keys() #To get a list of all column names for that row or for column in all[0].c.keys(): print getattr(all[0],column)
Where 0 tells its a first record.

get() function

If you have a primary key, 1,2,3,4,.....you could issue this command
one=User.get(55) #This will get all columns for primary key = 55 one_Lastname= User.get(55).LASTNAME #This will just get one column for key = 55
If you have a compund (composite) key you could use
one=User.get((55,3)) #This will get all columns for primary key1 = 55, key2=3 *To Access the column with get you do similar thing as we did in example above. {{{ one=User.get(55) one.LASTNAME one.FIRSTNAME or for column in one.c.keys(): print getattr(one,column)
Access the column names and values in a same way.

insert record

The easiest way to save your data is to do the following:
x=model.User() x.LASTNAME='Smith' x.FIRSTNAME='John' x.AGE=29 x.save() x.flush() #This will actually save it to a database
You initate an object. Then you set its attributes and then you save. You can create and save another object. When you are ready to save you call the flush()

update record

One of the fastest way to update existing record is to get the oldone. Change the records and save it back.
We do it like this:
y=Bdriver.get(343) y.LASTNAME='Johns' y.FIRSTNAME='Jimmy' y.flush()
If you are getting a compaund key you do the following on get:
y=Bdriver.get((343,3))

Dispaly record

To display all fields, you can do the following:
@expose(template="quote.templates.all") def index(self): x=model.Binder.select() return dict(binders=x)
Now copy welcom.kid to all.kid and make sure it has these lines:
<div py:for="binder in binders"> <span py:content="binder.BINDER_SID">bidner_sid</span> <span py:content="binder.LAST">last name </span> <span py:content="binder.FIRST">first name</span> </div>

Flow Control: update,submit,save,display

When you have 2 forms and you need to pass save and move on to the next form here is a way to do it.
Let say your controller has these 4 functions. updatepage1, savepage1, updatepage2, savepage2
class Root(controllers.RootController): @expose(template="quote.templates.welcome") def index(self): pass @expose(template="myapp.templates.updatepage1") def updatepage1(self): submit_action = "/savepage1" return dict(form=page1_form, action=submit_action) @expose() @error_handler(updatepage1) @validate(form=page1_form) def savepage1(self,**kwargs): ....... #Move to next screen. Option 1 raise redirect flash('Policy Information Saved') raise turbogears.redirect(url("updatepage2",tg_errors=None)) #option 2 Return function self.page2 #return self.updatepage2() @expose(template="quote.templates.updatepage2") def upddriver(self,data=''): submit_action = "/savepage2" return dict(form=page2_form, action=submit_action) @expose() @error_handler(updatepage2) @validate(form=page2_form) def savedriver(self,**kwargs): ..... #Redirect in a similar way as in savepage1

Saving table with many columns

In order to save multiple columns from a table you can use python setattr function.
tableinstance=model.Yourtable() attribute='' for key in kwargs.keys(): attribute=upper(key) setattr(tableinstance,attribute,kwargs[key]) tableinstance.flush()
Otherwise you can initiate them one by one.
tableinstance=model.Yourtable() tableinstance.fieldname='some value' tableinstance.flush()

Saving multiple records

Id you come across a problem where you need to save multiple records that have little differences in them you can do something like this.
You will need to use a pure sqlalchemy. Assingn_mapper,elixir won't help you here. No extra configuration needed just different statements.
In your model.py you should have something like this:
import sqlalchemy #Binding sqlalchemy to a turbogears database bind_meta_data() #Fixed in next relese. Table creation, ticket 482 #from turbogears import database #engine=database.get_engine() #tables = [] #for name in engine.execute("SHOW TABLES"): # tables[name] = sqlalchemy.Table(name, metadata, autoload=True) #Using manual table creation user_table = sqlalchemy.Table('User', metadata, autoload=True) #Some other code that deals with assign mapper
We will use the user_table as our saving point.
In Controller you do:
usertable=model.user_table.insert() recordstosave=[] #Do your for loop on a dictionary from a form widget for key,value in kwargs.items(): new={} new['GROUP_SID']=primarysomevariable new['USER_SID']=somevalue #Defaults new['FACTOR']=0 new['RATE']=0 new['BASE']=0 if key=='GROUP1' and value==True: new['group']=1 recordstosave.append(new) elif key=='GROUP2' and value==True: new['group']=1 recordstosave.append(new) usertabletable.execute(recordstosave)

sqlalchemy in virtualenv

If you would like to set up sqlalchemy in virtual enviroment here are instructinons on how to do it.
aptitude install python-virtualenv mkdir -p /usr/local/pythonenv python /usr/lib/python2.4/site-packages/virtualenv.py /usr/local/pythonenv/BASELINE
Your setup is ready to run. You have 2 options now.
You can use it while virtual environment is activated(recommended) or when its not activated.
Not Activated
Add your virtual path to PYTHONPATH:
export PYTHONPATH=/home/lucas/ENV/lib/python2.4/site-packages/ echo $PYTHONPATH
Download the your program or svn, and install it:
mkdir tmp cd tmp svn checkout http://svn.sqlalchemy.org/sqlalchemy/trunk sqlalchemy cd sqlalchemy python setup.py install --prefix /home/lucas/ENV
To start python you can do:
/home/lucas/ENV/bin/python
Activate virtual Environment
Activated Python Path.
This setup will have all the virtual environment files.
Point your bash to a new virtual environment:
source ENV/bin/activate
You should see your bash changed to (ENV)lucas@debianlaptop:
Deactivate Virtual Environment
To deactivate it when you are done do:
deactivate
Use Activated Virtual Environment
To install additional packages after activating your new virtual environment, you can run command like:
easy_install Elixir-0.5.2-py2.4.egg or easy_install SQLAlchemy or easy_install SQLAlchemy==dev # for svn trunk easy_install SQLAlchemy==0.4.5 # whatever version
This way you use python like you normally would, but in reality you are pointing to virtual environment.

Session Managment

Session ID

In dev.cfg enable sessions.
session_filter.on = True
Thiss will create session for each request. This session is a dictionary which you can access by cherrypy.session
In your controller add this to import lines
import cherrypy
cherrypy.session holds a variable called _id which you has a unique session id key.
cherrypy.session['_id']

Install Turbogears with Apache

apache and mod_wsgi

http://code.google.com/p/modwsgi/wiki/IntegrationWithTurboGears
Instructions for mod_wsgi and Turbogears were tested and are working

Install mod_wsgi

Check if your version has this package available:
aptitude install libapache2-mod-wsgi
If this worked go to the next section. If not continue reading.
If not, Download mod_wsgi 2.o (recommended) download
If you are running Apache 1 use mod_wsgi-1.6
If you are running Apache 2 use mod_wsgi-2.3
Untar it.
tar -xzvf mod_wsgi-2.0.tar.gz
Install python dev ,and apache dev modules so we can compile the program.(apache assumes threaded here)
aptitude update aptitude install python-dev aptitude install apache2-dev aptitude install gcc
( A number of Python binary packages for Linux systems are not compiled with shared library support enabled.How can I tell?)
Now Configure your mod_wsgi
cd mod_wsgi-2.0 ./configure make make install make clean
Now let's enable this module in apache configuration files.
Create apache load file:
vi /etc/apache2/mods-available/mod_wsgi.load
Add this line:
LoadModule wsgi_module /usr/lib/apache2/modules/mod_wsgi.so
Now enable mod_wsgi
a2enmod mod_wsgi /etc/init.d/apache2 force-reload

Configure your Turbogears app for mod_wsgi

My application will be called 'myfirstapp'. Replace it with your application name.
We will keep our project in /usr/local/turbogears/myfirtapp. You would copy your tg app to /usr/local/turbogears/.
File structure will look like this:
File Structure for your app: /usr/local/turbogears/ ---------myfirstapp/ (all files from tg app) ---------myfirstapp/myfirstapp/ (main configuration files, controller.py and model.py etc) ---------myfirstapp/myfirstapp/static/ (all static files, css,images) ---------myfirstapp/prod.cfg ---------myfirstapp/apache/myfirstapp.wsgi ---------myfirstapp/server.log and /etc/apache2/sites-available/myfirstapp
Lets configure our application.
Create folder called turbogears in /usr/local/
mkdir /usr/local/turbogears
Copy your turbogears app inside that folder
cp /home/lucas/project/myfirstapp /usr/local/turbogears or scp -r /home/lucas/projects/myfirstapp username@example.com/usr/local/turbogears/
Go inside myfirstapp folder you just created and create folder called apache:
mkdir /usr/local/turbogears/myfirstapp/apache
Inside apache folder you created, create a file called myfirstapp.wsgi
vi /usr/local/turbogears/myfirstapp/apache/myfirstapp.wsgi
Inside myfirstapp.wsgi put these lines:
import sys sys.path.append('/usr/local/turbogears/myfirstapp') sys.stdout = sys.stderr import os #os.environ['PYTHON_EGG_CACHE'] = '/usr/local/turbogears/myfirstapp' import atexit import cherrypy import cherrypy._cpwsgi import turbogears turbogears.update_config(configfile="/usr/local/turbogears/myfirstapp/prod.cfg", modulename="myfirstapp.config") turbogears.config.update({'global': {'server.environment': 'production'}}) turbogears.config.update({'global': {'autoreload.on': False}}) turbogears.config.update({'global': {'server.log_to_screen': False}}) #For non root mounted app: turbogears.config.update({'global': {'server.webpath': '/myfirstapp'}}) import myfirstapp.controllers cherrypy.root = myfirstapp.controllers.Root() if cherrypy.server.state == 0: atexit.register(cherrypy.server.stop) cherrypy.server.start(init_only=True, server_class=None) #For root mounted app #application = cherrypy._cpwsgi.wsgiApp #For none-root mounted app def application(environ, start_response): environ['SCRIPT_NAME'] = '' return cherrypy._cpwsgi.wsgiApp(environ, start_response)
Now inside /usr/local/turbogears/myfirstapp you should have prod.cfg. If you don't copy sample-prod.cfg to prod.cfg and add all necessary configuration inside of it (database, etc)
Don't forget to issue tg-admin sql create if you need to create some databases.
Inside prod.cfg there is a line that says: args="('server.log',)"
If you want to enable this log then change it to args="('/usr/local/turbogears/myfirstapp/server.log',)"
If you want to disable it since you have apache logs you have to comment out two lines(args and class):
[[[access_out]]] # set the filename as the first argument below #args="('server.log',)" #class='FileHandler' level='INFO' formatter='message_only'
If you are using mysql you will need to add a pool_recycle to prod.cfg
Right below your mysql connection string 'sqlalchemy.dburi=...' add:
sqlalchemy.pool_recycle = 3600
Make sure your app has the same permissions as the apache server:
chown -R www-data:www-data /usr/local/turbogears/myfirstapp
Now tell apache about your app.
Create a file:
vi /etc/apache2/sites-available/myfirstapp
Add these lines in it:
Alias /static /usr/local/turbogears/myfirstapp/myfirstapp/static WSGIScriptAlias /myfirstapp /usr/local/turbogears/myfirstapp/apache/myfirstapp.wsgi <Directory /usr/local/turbogears/myfirstapp/apache> Order deny,allow Allow from all </Directory>
You can skip to Enable your website

Turbogears and modwsgi in VirtualHost,virtualenv, and subdomain

[Optional] In Debian Linux the version of sqlalchemy, and turbogears might not be up to the latest version. What we will do here is to set up our virtualenv where you install latest turbogears and sqlalchemy. Then you tell modwsgi script to use newer version. We will setup this as a apache subdomain in virtualhost.
Install virtualenv package
aptitude install python-virtualenv or easy_install virtualenv
Log in as root and install and enable your new environment.
mkdir /usr/local/pythonenv python /usr/lib/python2.4/site-packages/virtualenv.py --no-site-packages /usr/local/pythonenv/BASELINE
Activate
source /usr/local/pythonenv/BASELINE/bin/activate
Now you should see (BASELINE) on your command line.
Install turbogears, sqlalchemy and any other package you might need.
easy_install turbogears easy_install sqlalchemy
You follow the standard installation path as we specified before. You turbogears app will be in /usr/local/turbogears/myapp
Again. In Apache folder /usr/local/turbogears/myapp/apache you will create myapp.wsgi and myapp file.
When you setup the files create a folder for python cache.
mkdir /usr/local/turbogears/python-eggs
In myapp.wsgi you insert:
#For virtualenv python location import site site.addsitedir('/usr/local/pythonenv/BASELINE/lib/python2.4/site-packages') import sys sys.path.append('/usr/local/turbogears/myapp') sys.stdout = sys.stderr #For python egg cache import os os.environ['PYTHON_EGG_CACHE'] = '/usr/local/turbogears/python-eggs' import atexit import cherrypy import cherrypy._cpwsgi import turbogears turbogears.update_config(configfile="/usr/local/turbogears/myapp/prod.cfg", modulename="myapp.config") turbogears.config.update({'global': {'server.environment': 'production'}}) turbogears.config.update({'global': {'autoreload.on': False}}) turbogears.config.update({'global': {'server.log_to_screen': False}}) #For non root mounted app: #turbogears.config.update({'global': {'server.webpath': '/myapp'}}) import myapp.controllers cherrypy.root = myapp.controllers.Root() if cherrypy.server.state == 0: atexit.register(cherrypy.server.stop) cherrypy.server.start(init_only=True, server_class=None) #For root mounted app application = cherrypy._cpwsgi.wsgiApp #For none-root mounted app #def application(environ, start_response): # environ['SCRIPT_NAME'] = '' # return cherrypy._cpwsgi.wsgiApp(environ, start_response)
And in myapp
<VirtualHost *> ServerName subdomainname.example.com ServerAlias subdomainname.* ServerAdmin myemail@example.com Alias /static /usr/local/turbogears/myapp/myapp/static WSGIDaemonProcess myapp threads=10 processes=3 WSGIProcessGroup myapp #WSGIPythonHome /usr/local/pythonenv/BASELINE WSGIScriptAlias / /usr/local/turbogears/myapp/apache/myapp.wsgi #<Directory /usr/local/turbogears/myapp/apache> <Directory /> Order deny,allow Allow from all </Directory> </VirtualHost>

Enable your website

* Now on debian enable your website. This file you just created will go live.
a2ensite myfirstapp
To Disable it use:
a2dissite myfirstapp
When done restart apache
/etc/init.d/apache2 restart
You are done. Now go to your website 'www.example.com/myfirstapp
[Warning] If you are converting from proxy style hosting of your app make sure you remove old app from python. If you don't then the app in site-packge will be run instead of the one /usr/local/turbogears. Use following command to do it.
easy_install -m myfirstapp
Now read the section below to get familiar with scalability of your Turbogears Application.

advence mod_wsgi memory management

ProcessesAndThreading
Find out what apache version you are running.
/usr/sbin/apache2 -V
You should see:
Server MPM: Prefork threaded: no forked: yes (variable process count)
apache prefork MPM = no multi threaded turbogears application
apache worker MPM = multi threaded turbogears application
Overall, use of 'worker' MPM will result in less child processes needing to be created, but resource usage of individual child processes will be greater. On modern computer systems, the 'worker' MPM would in general be the preferred MPM to use and should if possible be used in preference to the 'prefork' MPM.
So if you are a huge site you use worker if you are a small-medium site you use default prefork.
You are left with a choice of embded or deamon mode for your wsgi application
"Embedded mode is the best mode for very large sites as it is able to harness the feature of Apache to scale up to meet demand by creating more child processes to handle requests and reap those processes when no longer required."
"When using 'daemon' mode of mod_wsgi, each process group can be individually configured so as to run in a manner similar to either 'prefork', 'worker' MPMs for Apache. This is achieved by controlling the number of processes and threads within each process using the 'processes' and 'threads' options of the WSGIDaemonProcess directive."
Unlike the normal Apache child processes when 'embedded' mode of mod_wsgi is used, the configuration as to the number of daemon processes within a process group is fixed with the settings you provide. That is, when the server experiences additional load, no more daemon processes are created than what is defined. You should therefore always plan ahead and make sure the number of processes and threads defined is adequate to cope with the expected load.
So now the question is what is max your system can coupe with and what we should start our processes and thread count.
To run in deamon mode change the apache settings from:
Alias /static /usr/local/turbogears/myfirstapp/myfirstapp/static WSGIScriptAlias /myfirstapp /usr/local/turbogears/myfirstapp/apache/myfirstapp.wsgi <Directory /usr/local/turbogears/myfirstapp/apache> Order deny,allow Allow from all </Directory>
to
Alias /static /usr/local/turbogears/myfirstapp/myfirstapp/static WSGIDaemonProcess myfirstapp threads=10 processes=3 WSGIProcessGroup myfirstapp WSGIScriptAlias /myfirstapp /usr/local/turbogears/myfirstapp/apache/myfirstapp.wsgi <Directory /usr/local/turbogears/myfirstapp/apache> Order deny,allow Allow from all </Directory>

Stress test your app

If you would like to stress test you app:
We will use a program http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.0/programs/ab.html It should already be installed
/usr/sbin/ab -n 1000 -w http://localhost/myfirstapp/ >> test.htm 12544 www-data 25 0 129m 21m 4604 S 33.3 4.3 0:12.08 apache2 12585 www-data 25 0 129m 21m 4604 S 32.6 4.3 0:10.75 apache2 12564 wwww-data 25 0 129m 21m 4604 S 33.3 4.3 0:12.08 apache2
then try with:
/usr/sbin/ab -n 10000 -w http://localhost/myfirstapp/ >> test2.htm
You should see results like:
Requests per second: 10.83 Transfer rate: 67.04 kb/s received Connnection Times (ms) min avg max Connect: 0 0 0 Processing: 87 91 214 Total: 87 91 214

Egg deploy

Instructions for mod_proxy and Turbogears were tested and are working
Create an Egg File

To create an egg file that you can transfer to other system you can do.
cd /projects/foo python setup.py bdist_egg
The file shows up in:
/projects/foo/dist/foo-1.0-py2.4.egg

dev.cfg app.cfg prod.cfg

Turbo gears has 3 configuration files. dev.cfg, prod.cfg, app.cfg
dev.cfg -Has location configuration of a development database prod.cfg -Has location configuration of a production database app.cfg -Has custom configuration that your might need for your project app, such as template, engine, encodings, etc.
Location:
app.cfg is located in PROJECTNAME/config/app.cfg dev.cfg is located in PROJECTNAME.dev.cfg prod.cfg has a sample file in PROJECTNAME/sample-prod.cfg which you need to modify for production environment.

Deploy an EGG file

After you copy the selected egg that you have just build, we will install it on production server.
Copy the prod.cfg to:
/var/www/foo/prod.cfg
Edit it.
Add the proper sql and server settings based on production server setup.
Then copy the egg file into the eggs folder and install it.
cd /var/www/foo/eggs easy_install foo-1.0-py2.4.egg
[OPTIONAL]If this is different machine you will need to create a database. To create users on mysql do something like this:
cd /var/www/foo mysqladmin -h localhost -u root -p create foodb tg-admin sql create --egg foo

Configure TurboGears prod.cfg

In prod.cfg add
server.socket_port=8080
and uncomment
base_url_filter.on = True base_url_filter.use_x_forwarded_host = True

Run the app

# run the server /usr/bin/foo-start.py /var/www/foo/prod.cfg
If you want the server to run all the time
/usr/bin/foo-start.py /var/www/foo/prod.cfg &
To kill it you would have to do ps -A|grep foo, look for id and then kill 1234

Mod_Proxy

Enable mod proxy

Now that you got the your app installed, lets enable it to work with apache2 and turbogears
domain: www.example.com Turbogears URL: http://www.example.com/webapp/ Turbogears working on port 8080 Configuration File: prod.cfg
On Debian you need to install apache and modproxy
aptitude update aptitude install apache2 aptitude install libapache2-mod-proxy-html
Enable modules:
a2enmod proxy a2enmod proxy_http

Configure apache

Add a file like this:
/etc/apache2/conf.d/webapp
Inside add these lines:
ProxyPreserveHost on <Proxy *> Order allow,deny Allow from all </Proxy> ProxyPass /webapp/ http://127.0.0.1:8080/webapp/ ProxyPassReverse /webapp/ http://127.0.0.1:8080/webapp/ ProxyPass /static/ http://127.0.0.1:8080/static/ ProxyPassReverse /static/ http://127.0.0.1:8080/static/
Then:
/etc/init.d/apache2 force-reload
Done.
Auto start of the app

For now you can try adding this to the root cron tab. This will ensure your web application start at boot time.
@reboot /usr/bin/python /usr/bin/start-webapp.py /usr/local.bin/webapp/prod.cfg > /var/log/webapp.log &
Below instructions did not work for me. I will leave them for reference. Check the mod_wsgi instructions.
To auto start the app if it failes create an auto start script in cgi-bin
/usr/lib/cgi-bin/webapp-autostart.cgi
chmod 711 /usr/lib/cgi-bin/webapp-autostart.cgi
Inside the file add these lines:
print "Content-type: text/html\r\n" print """<html><head><META HTTP-EQUIV="Refresh" CONTENT="4; URL=/webapp/"></head><body>Restarting site ...<a href="/webapp/">click here<a></body></html>""" import os import sys os.setpgid(os.getpid(), 0) os.system(sys.executable + ' /usr/bin/start-webapp.py /usr/local/bin/prod.cfg &')
Replace webapp with your app's name and replace '/usr/local/bin/prod.cfg' with a location of your prod.cfg file
Now configure apache by adding these lines to the file we initially configured: /etc/apache2/conf.d/webapp
<Location /recall> # Adjust these lines and uncomment to restart the server if it isn't already running ErrorDocument 503 /cgi-bin/webapp-autostart.cgi ErrorDocument 502 /cgi-bin/webapp-autostart.cgi </Location>

Server Log

What about a server log? How can I tell it to use /var/log/apache2/webapp.log How can I tell it to rotate the same way apache does it?

Troubleshooting Deployment

Here are some basic question you need to know if you are trying to troubleshoot installation of you turbogears application.
If you suspect a version conflict, configuration missmatch, or you are not sure if you application is working properly, always create new turbogears application from scratch and deploy it. If it works then you know your deployment is working, and you can troubleshoot your original app.
If you suspect or see errors that might suggests you have some sort of Python path conflicts or permissions issues going on, or Python installation otherwise broken in some way. How many Python installations do you have on your system? What versions and where? Which installed version of Python was mod_wsgi compiled against? Which 'python' executable is in your PATH, ie., what does 'which python' yield? Where do you normally install Python packages/modules, ie., which site- packages directory, or into account somehow? How may versions of TurboGears are installed there? Are the files in those installations all readable to others, or do they have restrictive permissions on them such that not everyone could read them? Apache runs as a distinct user and must be able to read them somehow. What is PYTHONPATH set to in your personal environment? Do you have any Python eggs installed which are in compressed form and would thus need to be unpacked via Python egg cache directory? Can you clear out any Python egg cache directories you know about? At the start of the WSGI script file, add: import sys print >> sys.stderr, sys.path How are you restarting Apache, are you use 'sudo' or 'su' commands, if so what is the full command line you are using? Are you also loading mod_python into Apache at the same time? There are various things which can cause sys.path weirdness including having multiple versions of Python installed, local PYTHONPATH settings and ensuring Apache doesn't inherit your personal user environment when being started in some way. You at least thinking about the answers to above questions and answering them where appropriate might help to understand how you environment is setup.

mod_python

Below instructions did not work for me. I'll leave it for reference. Check the mod_wsgi instructions
Did not work for me but If i did for you please update appropriate section.
Based on: http://docs.turbogears.org/1.0/mod_python * If you don't have apache2, mod_python, you will need to install it.
aptitude update aptitude install apache2 aptitude install libapache2-mod-python
Download a modpython_gateway from: http://projects.amor.org/misc/svn/modpython_gateway.py and put it in /usr/lib/python2.4/site-package/
mv /home/lucas/Desktop/modpython_gateway.py /usr/lib/python2.4/site-package/
Change owner if necessary
chown root:root /usr/lib/python2.4/site-package/modpython_gateway.py

Install project file

Now create a file called PROJECTNAME_modpython.py and put it inside the same site-package folder. In my case i would create a file called myfirstproject_modpython.py
Inside of that file place this text. Change to reflect your project name
import pkg_resources pkg_resources.require("TurboGears") import cherrypy import turbogears turbogears.update_config(modulename="myifirstproject.config") turbogears.update_config(configfile="/home/lucas/web/myfirstproject/myfirstproject.cfg") from myfirstproject.controllers import Root cherrypy.root = Root() cherrypy.server.start(initOnly=True, serverClass=None) def fixuphandler(req): return 0
Now inside your folder directory issue a command:
python setup.py install
If you get an error like this. You will need to login as root su root or use --:
Perhaps your account does not have write access to this directory?
You might have to use different installation directory by specifying --install-dir in the command.
Test project file

To see if it was installed type:
cd python
inside of python type import PROJECTNAME. So in my case i would do:
import myfirstproject

Configure apache2 with your turbogears project

Create a file with your project name in /etc/apache2/sites-enabled/ . In my case i would do:
vi /etc/apache2/sites-enabled/myfirstproject
And insert this text but replace project name with your project
<Location /projectname> SetHandler python-program PythonHandler modpython_gateway::handler PythonOption wsgi.application cherrypy._cpwsgi::wsgiApp PythonFixupHandler projectname_modpython PythonDebug on </Location>
Restart apache
/etc/init.d/apache2 restart
Check out your website at: http://localhost/myfirstproject/

Error

File "/var/lib/python-support/python2.4/turbogears/config.py", line 98, in _get_loggers raise ConfigError("Logger %s references unknown " ConfigError: Logger access references unknown handler access_out

Turbogears API Details

http://tg.maetico.com/api/ Modules it covers:
Packages

turbogears turbogears.command turbogears.view turbogears.view.templates turbogears.widgets turbogears.widgets.templates turbogears.widgets.tests

Modules

turbogears.command.base turbogears.command.i18n turbogears.command.info turbogears.command.quickstart turbogears.config turbogears.controllers turbogears.database turbogears.scheduler turbogears.validators turbogears.view.base turbogears.widgets.base turbogears.widgets.big_widgets turbogears.widgets.datagrid turbogears.widgets.forms turbogears.widgets.i18n turbogears.widgets.links turbogears.widgets.meta turbogears.widgets.rpc turbogears.widgets.tests.test_datagrid turbogears.widgets.tests.test_forms turbogears.widgets.tests.test_link_inclusion turbogears.widgets.tests.test_nested_form_controllers turbogears.widgets.tests.test_nested_widgets turbogears.widgets.tests.test_new_validation turbogears.widgets.tests.test_request_related_features turbogears.widgets.tests.test_widgets

Classes

turbogears.command.i18n.InternationalizationTool turbogears.command.info.InfoCommand turbogears.command.quickstart.BaseTemplate turbogears.command.quickstart.quickstart turbogears.command.quickstart.TGBig turbogears.command.quickstart.TGTemplate turbogears.command.quickstart.TGWidgetTemplate turbogears.command.quickstart.TurbogearsTemplate turbogears.command.quickstart.update turbogears.controllers.Controller turbogears.controllers.RootController turbogears.database.AutoConnectHub turbogears.database.EndTransactionsFilter turbogears.database.PackageHub turbogears.scheduler.DayTaskRescheduler turbogears.scheduler.ForkedIntervalTask turbogears.scheduler.ForkedMonthdayTask turbogears.scheduler.ForkedScheduler turbogears.scheduler.ForkedTaskMixin turbogears.scheduler.ForkedWeekdayTask turbogears.scheduler.IntervalTask turbogears.scheduler.MonthdayTask turbogears.scheduler.Scheduler turbogears.scheduler.Task turbogears.scheduler.ThreadedIntervalTask turbogears.scheduler.ThreadedMonthdayTask turbogears.scheduler.ThreadedScheduler turbogears.scheduler.ThreadedTaskMixin turbogears.scheduler.ThreadedWeekdayTask turbogears.scheduler.WeekdayTask turbogears.validators.DateTimeConverter turbogears.validators.FieldStorageUploadConverter turbogears.validators.JSONValidator turbogears.validators.Money turbogears.validators.MultipleSelection turbogears.validators.Number turbogears.validators.Schema turbogears.validators.UnicodeString turbogears.view.base.cycle turbogears.view.base.DeprecatedDictWrapper turbogears.view.base.DeprecatedVariableProviders turbogears.view.base.MetaDeprecatedVariableProviders turbogears.view.base.UserAgent turbogears.widgets.base.CompoundWidget turbogears.widgets.base.CSSLink turbogears.widgets.base.CSSSource turbogears.widgets.base.JSLink turbogears.widgets.base.JSSource turbogears.widgets.base.Link turbogears.widgets.base.Resource turbogears.widgets.base.Source turbogears.widgets.base.Widget turbogears.widgets.base.WidgetDescription turbogears.widgets.base.WidgetsDeclaration turbogears.widgets.base.WidgetsList turbogears.widgets.big_widgets.AjaxGrid turbogears.widgets.big_widgets.AutoCompleteField turbogears.widgets.big_widgets.CalendarDatePicker turbogears.widgets.big_widgets.CalendarDateTimePicker turbogears.widgets.big_widgets.LinkRemoteFunction turbogears.widgets.big_widgets.RemoteForm turbogears.widgets.big_widgets.URLLink turbogears.widgets.datagrid.DataGrid turbogears.widgets.datagrid.PaginateDataGrid turbogears.widgets.forms.Button turbogears.widgets.forms.CheckBox turbogears.widgets.forms.CheckBoxList turbogears.widgets.forms.CompoundFormField turbogears.widgets.forms.CompoundInputWidget turbogears.widgets.forms.FieldSet turbogears.widgets.forms.FileField turbogears.widgets.forms.Form turbogears.widgets.forms.FormField turbogears.widgets.forms.FormFieldsContainer turbogears.widgets.forms.HiddenField turbogears.widgets.forms.ImageButton turbogears.widgets.forms.InputWidget turbogears.widgets.forms.Label turbogears.widgets.forms.ListForm turbogears.widgets.forms.MultipleSelectField turbogears.widgets.forms.PasswordField turbogears.widgets.forms.RadioButtonList turbogears.widgets.forms.RepeatingFieldSet turbogears.widgets.forms.RepeatingFormField turbogears.widgets.forms.RepeatingInputWidget turbogears.widgets.forms.ResetButton turbogears.widgets.forms.SelectionField turbogears.widgets.forms.SingleSelectField turbogears.widgets.forms.SubmitButton turbogears.widgets.forms.TableForm turbogears.widgets.forms.TextArea turbogears.widgets.forms.TextField turbogears.widgets.i18n.CalendarLangFileLink turbogears.widgets.i18n.LocalizableJSLink turbogears.widgets.links.JumpMenu turbogears.widgets.links.SyntaxHighlighter turbogears.widgets.links.Tabber turbogears.widgets.meta.MetaWidget turbogears.widgets.rpc.RPC turbogears.widgets.tests.test_datagrid.Foo turbogears.widgets.tests.test_datagrid.TestDataGrid turbogears.widgets.tests.test_datagrid.User turbogears.widgets.tests.test_forms.CallableCounter turbogears.widgets.tests.test_forms.NestedController turbogears.widgets.tests.test_forms.Request turbogears.widgets.tests.test_forms.w1 turbogears.widgets.tests.test_forms.w2 turbogears.widgets.tests.test_nested_form_controllers.MyRoot turbogears.widgets.tests.test_nested_widgets.InnerSchema turbogears.widgets.tests.test_nested_widgets.MiddleSchema turbogears.widgets.tests.test_nested_widgets.OuterSchema turbogears.widgets.tests.test_nested_widgets.Request turbogears.widgets.tests.test_nested_widgets.TestNestedSchemaValidators turbogears.widgets.tests.test_nested_widgets.TestNestedWidgets turbogears.widgets.tests.test_nested_widgets.TestNestedWidgetsWMixedValidation turbogears.widgets.tests.test_nested_widgets.TestNestedWidgetsWSchemaValidation turbogears.widgets.tests.test_nested_widgets.TestSchema turbogears.widgets.tests.test_new_validation.NotSoSimpleSchema turbogears.widgets.tests.test_new_validation.Request turbogears.widgets.tests.test_new_validation.SimpleFields turbogears.widgets.tests.test_new_validation.SimpleFieldSet turbogears.widgets.tests.test_new_validation.SimpleForm turbogears.widgets.tests.test_new_validation.SimpleSchema turbogears.widgets.tests.test_new_validation.TestNestedForm turbogears.widgets.tests.test_new_validation.TestSimpleForm turbogears.widgets.tests.test_widgets.A turbogears.widgets.tests.test_widgets.B turbogears.widgets.tests.test_widgets.C turbogears.widgets.tests.test_widgets.Fields turbogears.widgets.tests.test_widgets.Fields turbogears.widgets.tests.test_widgets.FieldsSchema turbogears.widgets.tests.test_widgets.FieldsSchema turbogears.widgets.tests.test_widgets.Request turbogears.widgets.tests.test_widgets.TestParams turbogears.widgets.tests.test_widgets.TestSchemaValidation turbogears.widgets.tests.test_widgets.TestSchemaValidationWithChildWidgetsValidators

Performance

Genshi vs other

Genshi Performance

maco vs Cheetah

from maco website: Mako: 1.10 ms Myghty: 4.52 ms Cheetah:1.10 ms Genshi: 11.46 ms Django: 2.74 ms Kid: 14.54 ms

Sqlalchemy vs storm

Sqlalchemy vs Strom

Errors

TgFastData for python 2.5

Currently the Tgfast data in download section of TurboGears is not up to date so we need to install it from subversion repository
You should have subversion installed if not aptitude install subversion
easy_install http://svn.turbogears.org/projects/FastData/trunk

EXTRA

Produce PDF Pages

http://achievewith.us/public/articles/2007/02/21/produce-pdf-pages-with-turbogears-cheetah-and-reportlab
Follow along with the rest of this document to see how to produce PDF documents with the help of TurboGears, Cheetah, and ReportLab. We will generate form letters in response to a job opening, and in Part II we will print mailing labels for our letters. (excel)
[Optional]http://www.tinyerp.com/component/option,com_joomlaxplorer/Itemid,132/ -> http://www.tinyerp.com/demonstration.html

MyTube with Flex and Turbogears

http://codedemigod.com/node/11
Upload a few more videos, and then visit the simptest address(http://localhost:8080/simptest). This is enough to show off Python and TurboGears and hopefully get you to consider them in your projects.

captcha widgets for a form

http://code.google.com/p/tgcaptcha/
TGCaptcha is a TurboGears widget that provides an easy way to incorporate a captcha as part a form in an attempt to reduce spam or malicious activity.

Basic Way to display column data from a database

http://groups.google.com/group/turbogears/browse_thread/thread/86bbb9be7782060b/6252e65c30f2206b#6252e65c30f2206b

Identity Management

http://docs.turbogears.org/1.0/IdentityManagement
Many database Web Apps need to identify users. For example, you log in to access your Gmail account, or to use Amazon bookstore services. TurboGears therefore provides an identity system that you can use in your applications. This system supports both authentication and authorization functions, and allows role-based access control by assigning users to groups.

TurboGears with existing MySQL database

http://groups.google.com/group/turbogears/browse_thread/thread/69e4b982b78987db/4214fb7e5540791d#4214fb7e5540791d -talks and links to sqlobject/sqlalchemy ways of doing it
http://www.sqlalchemy.org/trac/wiki/UsageRecipes/AutoCode - This is a way to automatically create table definitions from an existing database.
http://www.sqlalchemy.org/docs/metadata.html#metadata_tables_reflecting
http://sqlobject.org/SQLObject.html#automatic-class-generation
For SqlObject just do this in model.py:
from sqlobject import * class Book(SQLObject): class sqlmeta: fromDatabase = True

Flash status Bar

http://www.splee.co.uk/2005/11/23/fancy-status-messages-using-tg_flash/
Tagging with Turbogears

http://www.thesamet.com/blog/2006/11/17/tutorial-how-to-implement-tagging-with-turbogears-and-sqlalchemy/
Drag and Drop Sort list

http://wiki.script.aculo.us/scriptaculous/show/SortableListsDemo

Turbogears and Oracle

http://www.oracle.com/technology/pub/articles/rubio-python-turbogears.html
Turbogears memory managment

These apply to memory leaks in turbogears apps with sqlobjects, but you should be able to use these strategies in sqlalchemy.
http://psychicorigami.com/2007/10/27/a-little-sqlobject-performance-guide/ http://psychicorigami.com/2007/12/16/using-raw-sql-with-sqlobject-and-keeping-the-object-y-goodness/

unixODBC

Install odbc, and mssql drivers (tdsodbc)
aptitude update aptitude install tdsodbc unixodbc
Create a driver template.
vi /etc/freetds/tds.driver.template
Inside add :
[TDS] Description = FreeTDS Driver for Linux & MSSQL on Win32 Driver = /usr/lib/odbc/libtdsodbc.so Setup = /usr/lib/odbc/libtdsS.so
Now dsn file:
vi /etc/freetds/tds.dsn.template
And inside add:
[DSN_NAME] Description = Descripton of you DSN connection. Driver = TDS Trace = No Database = DefaultDatabase [replace with your database name] Server = mysqlserver.inter.net [replace with your SQL server's host,ip] Port = 1433 [replace with the port that SQL is listening on]
Now run this command to add your driver to unixodbc
odbcinst -i -d -f /etc/freetds/tds.driver.template
Now you add dsn. You have 2 options.
Add system DSN for all users
odbcinst -i -s -l -f /etc/freetds/tds.dsn.template
Add dsn to a user your are running a command on:
odbcinst -i -s -f /etc/freetds/tds.dsn.template
Now test your connection:
isql -v DSN_NAME username password
You should get something like
********************************************** * unixODBC - isql * ********************************************** * Syntax * * * . . . more .

Authenticating against an external password source

http://docs.turbogears.org/1.0/IdentityManagement#authenticating-against-an-external-password-source

Embed swf files in your turbogears code (IE, Opera, Firefox etc)

http://code.google.com/p/swfobject/

SQLObject (SO) quick Overview

Lets start the project
tg-admin quickstart

dev.conf -database connection

We have database done already and it is in mysql
In dev.cfg we connect to our database mysql connection
sqlobject.dburi="mysql://username:password@localhost:3306/databasename

model.py -database model

In model.py we tell sql objects to use our existing database. We also tell it what is the primary key.
sqlmeta class is a class that holds columns, columnLists, columnDefinitions, joins, indexes, joinDefinitions, indexDefinitions. Information in these are used to properly connect and use database.
#Create database object from a database class mainapplication(SQLObject): _idName = "App_Sid" class sqlmeta: fromDatabase = True
_idName tells sql objects that our primary key is not called id but it is called App_Sid short for Application system ID.
fromDatabase tell sql object that we should use definitions of column names from a database.

sqlobject features

Design
When you design a database tables try to always follow Third Normal Form 3NF. It will make your app much easier to maintain and expend.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_normal_form
Naming convention:
Change naming style of tables and columns by setting a style attribute:
MixedCaseUnderscoreStyle
MixedCaseStyle
Example:
class Addressbook(SQLObject): class sqlmeta: style=MixedCaseStyle()
Also style=MixedCaseStyle(longOD=True) is a possibility.
Lazy Update and Caching of connection object
cacheValues - sets the number of cache values lazyUpdate - will waits with an update until sync command is issued sync() -sync with database syncUpdate() -syncs and updates database
sql attributes
You use these for creating functions that can be accessed from multiple places.(ex. calculate total fee)
You can use these prefixes to crate your attributes: _del_,_doc_,_get_,_set_,
def _get_totalfee(self): return eval(self.fees)
Above function will create an attribute _titalfee
Transactions
Transactions allows you to control the saving of the data in 2 steps all success or all failed.
Change database connection.
If 'conn' is your database connection. You do:
#This creates transaction object trans = conn.transaction() #set connection for your table for x in mySqlClass: x._connection=trans
Use transaction to change one database and insert into another
def sell(item): try: books=BookStore.selectBy(book=item)[0] books.quantity-= 1 SoldBooks(item=item) trans.commit() except Exception, e: trans.rollback() trans.begin()
If you wouldn't use transactions you could end up with book being subtracted from a quantity and not added to SoldBooks. Transaction will prevent that error happening.

SQLObject save to database

Example1
class PhoneBook(SQLObject): first_name=StringCol(alternateID=True, length=30) last_name=StringCol() home_page=StringCol(legth=255)
#Simple save. PhoneBook(first_name="John",last_name="Smith",home_page="www.example.com") }}}

Turbogears Specifics usage

Use CAPITAL names in widgets and sqlalchemy autoload

I am querying the database using sqlalchemy
d=model.Useraddress() x=d.get_by(USER_SID=345,ADDRESS_SID=2)
Then I pass x(the corresponding record) to my template
return dict(address=address_form,value=x, action=submit_action)
But when I want to prefill the widget form with values from sqlalchemy using:
<p><span>${address(value=value, action=action)}</span></p>
The values are not set Am I missing something here or values from sqlalchemy query do not correspond to widget fields?
It seems as it does but it needs to be the same case.
So I went into my widget class and I replaced the "City" with "CITY" which caused the value to fill in.
It is the same case when saving from widget to sqlalchemy. If your widget doesn't have CAPITAL names then you have to convert them.
def saveuser(self,**kwargs): from string import upper b.USER_SID=(int(max_id)+1) #Assigning rest of the keys for widgetkey in kwargs.keys(): j=upper(widgetkey) setattr(b,j,kwargs[widgetkey])
CONCLUSION: When using sqlalchemy and widgets we need to name our attributes in the widget using CAPITAL letters. when we use sqlalchemy autoload function.
sqlalchemy:
user_table = sqlalchemy.Table('user', metadata, autoload=True)
widget:
class User(widgets.WidgetsList): LASTNAME=widgets.TextField(label='Last Name',validator=validators.NotEmpty) FIRSTNAME=widgets.TextField(label='First Name',validator=validators.NotEmpty)
WAS THIS INTENDED? If not should it be documented somewhere or changed? 1-15-08. update. I just loaded my table a table with all lowercase and I didn't need all capital letters. There has to be some kind of exception.
redirect all requests to index

Add this to your controller. This is a default function that will return index. You can change self.index to return other function.
@expose() def default(self, *args, **kw): return self.index(*args,**kw)

Other Documentation

IBM

Turbogears by IBM

ORACLE

Turbogears by Oracle

Common Errors

non-keyword arg after keyword arg

SyntaxError: non-keyword arg after keyword arg
This means that you should switch the order of the arguments
BAD:
x2=sqlalchemy.select([Users.c.AGE], group_by=[Users.c.AGE],Users.c.LASTNAME=='Smith')
GOOD:
x2=sqlalchemy.select([Users.c.AGE], Users.c.LASTNAME=='Smith',group_by=[Users.c.AGE])

cherrypy._cperror.NotReady: Port not free

This means you are running something else on that port
In dev.cfg, uncomment the
server.socket_port=8080
and change it to
server.socket_port=8081
then python start_yourproject.py

ExpatError: not well-formed (invalid token)

If you include links that have "&" in it you will have to replace it with:
Replace "&" with "&" <a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=schools+near+60630&btnG=Google+Search">mylink</a> (bad) <a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=schools+near+60630&btnG=Search">mylink</a> (good)

Could not assemble any primary key columns for mapped table

Could not assemble any primary key columns for mapped table